What you are going to have to do...

Firstly this website can be accessed anytime by anyone using the URL:

http://jlcpsychos.blogspot.com

This project was designed to benefit you, plus the class. This is a learning activity taken from positive teaching techniques suchas, the jigsaw method. Which you may remember from the Social Approach.


This website was mcrafted mostly by Megan, however each group member has added their little bit.

All the information you will need for the following activities is on this website.
Sophie created extremely helpful leaflets, with added extra special details like colour co-ordination in the questions to the website. Making it even easier.

Its a challenge; where you get in return, what you put in. Going back to the Jigsaw method... you fill in your leaflet for you, but also for everyone else, if you don't do it properly you all miss out, and lets face it its for your Synoptic exam.

Requirements:

• You will be given a sheet that will provide you with all the information for the booklets, again it can be found on the website:
  http://jlcpsychos.blogspot.com/

• In your groups, fill in the gaps of the booklets using either your panflet or the website. You will have 20 minutes to do this.

• You will receive the answer sheet for your booklets were you will mark them. Correcting mistakes.

• You will then pass them around. So each group can take notes.

Good luck.....xxx

Therapies

Due to the approaches their have been many psychotherapies developed at improving mental health and well-being through communication or various other methods. However more and more are being developed, here is a list (provided by Wikipedia) of the current therpaies:


Acceptance and Commitment Therapy
Adlerian
Analytical psychology
Art Therapy
Attack therapy
Autogenic training
Behavior therapy
Biodynamic psychotherapy
Bioenergetic analysis
Bionomic psychotherapy
Body Mind Psychotherapy
Body psychotherapy
Brief therapy
Classical Adlerian Psychotherapy
Client-centered psychotherapy/counselling
Characteranalytic vegetotherapy
Co-Counselling
Cognitive analytic psychotherapy
Cognitive behavioural psychotherapy
Coherence therapy
Concentrative movement therapy
Contemplative Psychotherapy
Conversational Model (The)
Core Energetics
Core process psychotherapy
Daseins analytic psychotherapy
Dance therapy
Depth Psychology
Developmental Needs Meeting Strategy (DNMS)
Dialectical behavior therapy
Dreamwork
Drama therapy
Dyadic Developmental Psychotherapy (DDP)
Emotional Freedom Techniques (EFT)
Encounter groups
Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR)
Existential therapy
Experiential Dynamic Psychotherapy
Expressive therapy
Family Constellations
Family therapy
Feminist therapy
Focusing
Freudian psychotherapy
Gestalt therapy
Gestalt Theoretical Psychotherapy
Group Analysis
Group therapy
Hakomi
Holistic psychotherapy
Holotropic Breathwork
Humanistic psychology
Human givens psychotherapy
Hypnotherapy
IBP Integrative Body Psychotherapy
Integrative Psychotherapy
Intensive short-term dynamic psychotherapy
Internal Family Systems Model
Interpersonal therapy
Jungian psychotherapy
Lifespan Integration
Logotherapy
Marriage counseling
Mindfulness-based Cognitive Behaviour Therapy
Method of Levels (MOL)
Morita Therapy
The Moving Cycle
Multicultural Counseling and Therapy (MCT)
Multimodal Therapy
Music therapy
Narrative Therapy
Neuro Emotional Technique (NET)
Neuro-linguistic programming (NLP)
Nonviolent Communication
Object relations theory
Orgonomy
Pastoral counselling/therapy
Personal construct psychology (PCP)
Pesso Boyden System Psychomotor (PBSP)
Play therapy
Positive Psychology
Positive psychotherapy
Postural Integration
Primal integration
Primal therapy
Process Oriented Psychology
Provocative Therapy
Psychedelic psychotherapy
Psychoanaltic psychotherapy
Psychoanalysis
Psychodrama
Psychodynamic psychotherapy
Psychological astrology
Psycho-organic analysis
Psychosynthesis
Psychosystems Analysis
Pulsing (bodywork)
Radix therapy
Rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT)
Rational Living Therapy (RLT)
Rebirthing-Breathwork
Re-evaluation Counseling
Relational-Cultural Therapy
Relationship counseling
Reprogramming
Reality therapy
Reichian psychotherapy
Person-centred (or Rogerian) psychotherapy
Rolfing
Rubenfeld Synergy
Sensorimotor Psychotherapy
Social Therapy
Solution focused brief therapy
Somatic Psychology
Sophia analysis
Self Relationship (or Sponsorship)
Systematic desensitization
Systemic Constellations
Systemic Therapy
SHEN Therapy
T Groups
Thought Field Therapy
Transactional Analysis (TA)
Transactional Psychotherapy (TP)
Transpersonal psychology
Twelve-step programs
Unitive Psychotherapy
Vegetotherapy

Other Useful Sites

OCD test:
http://search.bbc.co.uk/cgi-bin/search/results.pl?tab=all&go=homepage&scope=all&q=ocd+test

Wikipedia definition of mental disorders:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_disorders

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCD

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depression

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phobia

List of metal Disorders.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mental_illnesses

Don't like Freud? Now here's your chance to whack him!
http://www.postmodernvillage.com/games/freud.html

Arm Wrestle?
http://www.matazone.co.uk/animpages/arm_wrestling_freud.html

Or are you Sigmund Freud in disguise? Find out here!
http://www.helpself.com/freud.htm

Watch Freud Dance!
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=grpcBsgORTM

Psychodynamic Approach

The psychodynamic approach's main focuses is on explaining and treating mental disorders. Many treatments were developed due to this. Here is an explanation on the contributions of the Psychodynamic approach in relation to mental disorders.

Freuds Theory of Personailty states that our personality is made up of three parts.
The first is our ID, which is the only part present from birth. This is the part that seeks instant gratification of its needs. It works by the 'pleasure principle' and does not want to wait for satisfaction and wants to remove any pressure or tension.
The second part is our Ego, this is us as we are. It develops from the age of 2, and is logical and rational. It works on the 'reality principle' and balances the demands of the ID with the morals of the Superego and can delay gratification until appropriate.
The last part of our personality is known as the Superego which develops around the ages of 3-6, it is our awareness of the good and bad things. It works on the 'morality principle' in which we develop a conscience (punishing parent) which makes us feel bad for doing bad things and the ego-ideal (rewarding parent) which makes us feel good for doing good things. The idea of the punishing/rewarding parent comes from internalisation of the moral code of our same sex parent, which is explained in Freuds Psychosexual Theory of Development.

The establishment of mental disorders could come from a person whose ego is in conflict with the superego and the ID. This is because the ID may want something but the ego and the superego are preventing it from having it, this could then cause anxiety. The person then becomes anxious which is stored into the unconcious. However, if a build up of anxiety happens then this may come out into the conscious, which may lead to the anxiety being redirected onto something else causing a phobia or any other serious mental disorder.

The personality can be displayed as what is known as the 'Iceberg' model, which was also developed by Sigmund Freud.

From Freuds Theory of Personality he also developed 'Defence Mechanisms' which help protect the ego from any harm because the ego does not want to be traumatised. This all happens unconciously and any conscious awareness could result in a mental disorder.

Sigmund Freud also developed Psychoanalysis Therapy as a result from his theories. This was developed specifcally for those with mental disorders which were stemmed from culturally unacceptable desires or fantasies that were of a sexual nature, which he believed, were repressed into the unconscious mind. He believed that all of the mental disorders (neuroses) came from an inablility at childhood to resolve the Oedipus/Electra complex and used the famous case of 'Little Hans' to prove this. Little Hans aka Herbert Graf (right) went on to be a successful opera producer. He was the basis for all Freuds theories, and was the only evidence Freud had to prove that his theories and therapies were effective.

Oedipus Complex: A term used to describe a boy's feelings towards his mother and his anger and jelousy towards his father. According to Frued, the boy wishes to possess his mother and replace his father who he sees as a rival for his mother's affections. It occurs in the Phallic stage of Freuds Psychosexual Theory of Development. The term was derived from the character named Sophocles' Oedipus Rex who accidently kills his father and then marries his mother.

Electra Complex: Comparable to the Oedipus Complex. It is a term used to describe a girl's romantic feelings towards her father and anger towards her mother.

These complexes develop at the age of 3-5/6 years old, during the Phallic stage of Freud's Psychosexual Theory of Development. The development suggests that we go through 5 main stages up until we become mature adults. Failure to develop at any of these stages results in fixation, which then could lead onto a mental disorder.

The Oral Stage (0-1 years): Children learn everything about the environment through their mouth. They also seek gratification and pleasure through their mouth, so they will be concentrated on sucking, biting and feeding.
A failure to develop in this stage leads to a fixation due to being under/over fed as a baby. This then can lead to the mental disorder of anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa. It could also lead to any mouth-centred behaviours like smoking.

The Anal Stage (1-3 years): Children learn everything about the environment through their anus. The child gains pleasure by withholding or eliminating faeces which brings up a conflict between the ID and the Ego. Parents at this stage encourage their children to potty train at an appropriate time/place, but this conflicts with the ID who wants to defecate now to gain their pleasure. So the Ego has to balance the conflict which causes two main personality traits.

Too much gratification leads to being an "Anally Expulsive" personality who are messy, disorganised and reckless.

Too little gratification leads to being an "Anally Retentative" personality who are careful, organised, meticulus and tight with money.

These fixations could easily lead to depression, for example:

• Anally Explusive: If your messy and unorganised, you may end up doing poor in exams because you have not got the work in your folders organised, this could lead to depression
• Anally Retentive: If your tight with money, many people may pick up on this causing criticism. This could lead to you needing cognitive behavioural therapy (see Cognitive page) because your anxiety spirals out of control about what people think of you, thus causing depression.

The Phallic Stage (3-5/6): Children gain pleasure and their gratification from stimulation of the genitals. As mentioned above, the development of the Oedipus/Electra complex develops here because children are becoming interested in the genitals of the opposite sex.
If the complexes are not resolved then this can lead to a variety of mental disorders because the child does not gain understanding of gender appropriate behaviour. Also their Superego will not have developed properly causing a lack of morals. Other disorders include anxiety and guilt about sex, fear of castration and also a narcissistic personality (excessive self-love).

Latency Stage (5/6-puberty): The least sexual of all the stages because children start to redirect their attention to acquiring new skills and knowledge.
No fixation at this stage.

Genital Stage (puberty-maturity): Children focus on the genitals in gaining pleasure as a form of sexuality (adult).
Any problems due to fixation in earlier stages is thought to occur in this stage.

The Psychodynamic Approach states that any mental disorder stems from trauma/bad experience in childhood such as abuse. Both Freud and Bowlby each had their own theories but both agreed on any factors which effect the development of children could lead to any kind of mental disorder.John Bowlby was also a Psychodynamic Psychologist who offered his reasons and explanations as to where mental disorders originated from. Bowlby's Theory of Attachment believed that a bond between the mother and her child was the most important thing that prevented mental illness in later life. He placed emphasis on genetics for the bond, as he believed that babies were genetically programmed to behave in a certain way which kept the mothers attention e.g. crying and mothers inherited the gene to respond to their child, this is whats known as 'Synchrony of Action.' Bowlby then went on to explain that if the bond was delayed until after two and a half to 3 years after the birth of the baby, then their development will have been significantly affected. This became known as Bowlby's 'Maternal Deprivation Hypothesis' in which the child could grow up with the condition 'Affectionless Psychopathy' (Not actually a known condition, just one Bowlby invented).
He used his 44 juvenile thieves study to support this, which was based on Harlows study on monkey's.
Bowlby's Contribution
However John Bowlby's attachment theory lead to the development of 'Theraplay' which is a play therapy that has the intention of helping parents and their children build better attachment relationships through attachment-based play.

Physiological Approach

Physiological psychology focuses on the relationship between our genetic make-up, behaviour and experiences. It offers limited explanations as to why and where mental disorders originate from. The booklet puts more emphasis on our brain being the cause of mental disorder.

Any abnormalities with the brain, such as the cause of a mental disorder could be detected using 'Brain Scanning Techniques.' In medicine there are a variety of different Brain Scanning Techniques, however the Physiological Approach only uses three which are:

Electroencephalograph (EEG) : Used to detect the five different wave forms involved in human sleep. Because psychologists know the sleep cycle, and what happens at each of the four stages and the Rapid Eye Movement (REM) stage, it is possible to see any abnormalities in a person's sleep, caused by factors such as stress.
CAT Scans: This method uses X-Rays from different angles in order to get one 3D image of the patients brain. This allows us to compare the functioning of a normal brain compared with that of an abnormal brain, but this mainly detects physical abnormality. For example, a patient may become aggressive for no apparent reason, until a CAT scan locates a cancer on a particular part of the brain which causes aggression.
PET Scans: Because this involves the injection of a radioactive 'carrier' substance, this allows an analyst to see which part of the brain is functioning at a specific time, again to detect any abnormalities.

Another method from this approach is 'Lesion Studies.' Lesion Studies involve disabling a bit of the brain in order to see what effect this has on behaviour. This allows us to find out what bit of the brain is responsible for certain behaviours. Usually this means that the bit of brain is surgically removed or is damaged by an accident or illness.

An example of a human lesion study is that of Clive Wearing. Clive had damaged both sides of his hippocampus due to a viral infection. This led to his being unable to form new long term memories. Suggesting that the hippocampus is the area that turns STM to LTM.

Lesion Studies have also been known to cure a patient of depression. This is because they disable the part of the brain which causes human emotion, this is so that the patient no longer feels depressed. However, it also means that the patient will also never be happy suggesting that they are not completely cured.

One of the theories that can be used to explain mental disorders is the Restoration Theory. This theory states that we as humans need to sleep in order to restore our body and recover from the physical activities of the day. In stages 1-3 of the sleep cycle our body is being restored, and during stage 4 and REM of the cycle our brain is being restored. Oswald suggests that any deprivation of sleep would lead to many factors ...

• A loss of physical functioning because our energy levels have not been restored so we will not be able to do much.
• A loss of cognitive and psychological functioning because our brain hasn't been restored so we will be mentally impaired due to this.
• Ultimately extreme deprivation will result in death.
  

Oswald used the study of Peter Tripp to support his theory.

Another explanation in this booklet to the cause of mental disorders is located in the Key Application section which discusses the effects that shift work and jet lag has on our 'Body Clock.'

When flying to a different country as a passenger, aircrew or pilot on a plane, not only does it mean that your flying to a new place, it means you're flying to a new time-zone as well. Zeitgebers (environmental factors) such as light levels then suggest a different rhythm to your body clock which induces stress, disorientation, sickness, headaches and waking up at night which can often lead to depression.

Shiftwork causes your body to constantly battle Zeitgebers and Endogenous (internal) factors in order to stay awake, which can cause harmful effects of the body. Studies on shiftwork have shown that it can leader to poorer mental health and for a parent who works these can lead to them being hostile and ineffective as parents resulting in an unstable family life.

Learning Approach

The Learning Approach has contributed to offering explanations and treatments to mental disorders. It states that mental disorders/behaviour is learnt rather than being genetic or due to a trauma as a child.
Support from this comes from Pavlov's idea of Classical Conditioning. It can be described as learning by association. Classical Conditioning involves learning to associate with a stimulus which brings about a certain response with a new stimulus, so that eventually the new stimulus will bring about that same response. He used his experiment on dog's to carry out and explain Classical Conditioning.

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) : Something that naturally has the power to do produce a response in an organism.
Unconditioned Response (UCR) : An automatic but unlearned, uncontrolled response to the Unconditioned Stimulus.
Neutral Stimulus (NS) : Something that does have a response but it is paired with the Unconditioned Stimulus to produce ...
Conditioned Stimulus (CS) : Something in the environment that can acquire the power to produce a specific response in an organism that it doesn't have the power naturally to do. This is LEARNED!
Conditioned Response (CR) : The reliable learned response from the organism to something that it experiences. This is LEARNED!

Pavlov's Dogs' completely proved that this was the way in which Classical Conditioning worked. However Pavlov also discovered other aspects to Classical Conditioning that he went on to explain.

Extinction: When the Conditioned Stimulus and Conditioned Response pairing no longer occurs.
Spontaneous Recovery: This is a brief recurrence of the Conditioned Response but in a much more weaker form, however it means that the pairing can be re-conditioned.
Generalisation: This occurs because the learner the Conditioned Response has been conditioned with associates similar stimuli to that of the original Conditioned Stimulus.
Discrimination: This is where the learner is trained to avoid generalisation. It can be done by using a range of Neutral Stimuli with the learner but only conditioning one of them to be the Conditioned Stimulus.

With regards to mental disorders, it can be used as an explanation to where mental disorders come from. This is because of the famous study of 'Little Albert' by learning psychologists Watson and Raynor, who used Pavlov's ideas of Classical Conditioning and applied them to a human example, this being a nine month old baby known as 'Little Albert.'

They discovered that phobias can be conditioned into humans which means that they cannot lead a normal life because phobias interfere with the functioning of humans due to the fact that its a fear of an object or a situation. But as well as conditioning phobias using Classical Conditioning, learning psychologists have also devised ways of curing phobias with a technique that works using the basis of Classical Conditioning called Aversion Therapy also known as Behaviour Therapy.
They use an Emetic drug which is designed to purposefully make a person sick. They then pair it with a behaviour which the person doesn't want so they then associate that behaviour with being sick. An example of this is shown here, using alcohol as the unwanted behaviour.
Another Therapy developed due to Pavlov's Classical Conditioning is known as 'Systematic Desensitization. This too helps to overcome phobias but also anxiety disorders. The first step of the therapy involves being taught relaxation techniques (such as meditation) in order to deal and cope with the stress and anxiety due to the fears they are about to face, these are known as 'Coping Strategies.' The next step involves the patient using the newly taught relaxation techniques when faced with an increasing hierarchy of fears. The last step of the hierarchy involves the patient dealing with their ultimate phobia in an attempt to cure them of it. Systematic Desensitization also uses 'Negative Reinforcement' which is a part of Operant Conditioning because the patient is having to remove an unpleasant situation by using the coping strategies to deal with it.
Operant Conditioning was created by Burrhus Frederic Skinner and is used to explain how many aspects of human behaviour are obtained. He explained that our behaviour is shaped by the consequence we receive for it. According to Skinner, their is three types of consequence we can receive for our behaviour, with which 'Positive Reinforcement' and 'Negative Reinforcement' strengthen our behaviour whereas 'Punishment' weakens our behaviour. Skinner used his own 'Skinner's Rats'' experiment as support for this.

Positive Reinforcement: This increases the likelihood of the behaviour occurring again because the behaviour is rewarded by providing a pleasant consequence.
Negative Reinforcement: This increases the likelihood of the behaviour occurring again because a unpleasant consequence is being removed.
Punishment: This decreases the likelihood of the behaviour occurring again because the behaviour is followed by an unpleasant consequence.

From Operant Conditioning the concept of a 'Token Economy' was developed. This helps to treat institutionalised patients with mental disorders, especially schizophrenics.The process involves giving tokens for good behaviour by acting as secondary reinforcer's so that the patients can then purchase whatever they want, which is a special privilege. The tokens are awarded for actions such as making their bed or getting dressed etc.Social Learning Theory focuses only on human behaviour. It was developed by Bandura and Walters who were interested in what shaped the way we are and how we behave. They came up with three basic principles of learning which are:

Observation:
Imitation:
Modelling:

People are more likely to be modelled/imitated if:

• They are a similar age to the learner
• They have a higher social status
• They are the same sex as the learner
• The behaviour being observed is simple

Whether the behaviours is imitated is due to whether they are rewarded or punishment for their actions, known as 'Vicarious Reinforcement,' which is either indirect or vicarious. A type of behaviour that Social Learning Theory can be used to explain is aggression which can lead to a mental disorder such as depression because they are constantly getting punishment for their actions. Evidence for aggression and the Social Learning Theory comes from Bandura's own 'Bobo Doll' experiment.

Cognitive Approach

The Cognitive Approach in Psychology is all about understanding and explaining internal mental processes such as memory, language and problem solving. However, because this blog space is interested in looking at mental disorders, this approach has made a huge contribution to the internal mental process of memory and how we understand memory loss. Psychologists in the approach have created contrasting theories for memory and forgetting, but each has helped us to gain evidence about how we work as information processors.

Small triggers lead to a massive spiral of negative emotions, as shown in the real example below:
Michelle worked in an office and one day got very upset. She met her boss in the lift and said 'good morning' but her boss did not reply.
This immediately triggered Michelle to think:

• My boss doesn't like me
• No one likes me
• I'm going to lose my job
• My life is hell

These spiralling thoughts were responsible for Michelle plunging into depression, and she didn't even consider that her boss may not of heard her, or that he was pre-occupied with his own thoughts.

Because of the Cognitive Approach she was able to attend Cognitive Behavioural Therpay in order to get rid of the depression.

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (C.T.) was developed by Aaron Beck under the philosophy that "It's not things that upset us, its our view of them (Epictetus). Cognitive Therapy works around the idea that our thoughts create our moods and sometimes we evoke unhappiness and in some cases depression because of our negative thoughts. Using this therapy enables us to challenge them negative thoughts and turn them into something positive so we dont spiral out of control.

There are 5 common techniques used in treating Congitive Behavioural Therapy (C.B.T). They are all different methods, that can be applied form person to person.

• Keeping a diary of significant events
• Questioning & testing unhelpful habits or assumptions
• Facing activities previously avoided
• Trying new behaviours
• Relaxation + Distraction techniques

Therapies that can be used in conjunction to C.B.T are other treatments, medications all aimed to stabilise the moods

Other mental disorders aer skizophrenia/ OCD/ Social Phobias/ Anorexia.

Introduction

Hello and welcome to our blog. We are a group of students from John Leggott and have been asked to create a presentation on all the approaches we have learnt at AS Level in order to explain the contributions they have made to society. We were then required to highlight a topic to explain and chose mental disorders.